The Darwinian revolution challenged Essay Example for Free

The Darwinian variety challenged EssayDefine growing broadly and hence give a narrower definition, as discussed in the overview. Evolution Descent with change the idea that life species be descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones overly defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation Concept 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged the traditional view of a young populace inhabited by unchanging species This section takes a look at the historical setting and influences on Darwin, and it sets the stage for our formal study of evolution. How did each of the following sources view the origin of species? Aristotle and Scala Naturae Aristotle viewed species as fixed. Through his observations of nature, Aristotle recognized affinities among organisms. He concluded that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity, called the scala naturae. Each fo rm, perfect and permanent, had its allotted rung on this ladder.The Old Testament The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect.Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus adopted a nested classification system, grouping similar species into increasingly general categories. Linnaeus, adhering tothe Old Testament belief that all species were designed by God, did not ascribe the resemblances among species to evolutionary kinship, but rather to the exemplar of their population. justify the role of fossils in rock strata as a window to life in earlier sentences. Many fossils are found in positary rocks formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, swamps, and other aquatic habitats. New layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called strata. The fossils in particular strata provide a glimpse of some of the organisms that populated Earth at the judgment of conviction that the layer fo rmed.How would Georges Cuvier have explained the appearance of the record of life shown in the rock strata? Cuvier opposed the idea of evolution. He advocated catastrophism, the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were ca apply by mechanisms different from those operating in the present.Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Cuvier speculated that each boundary between strata represented a catastrophe, much(prenominal) as a flood, that had destroyed many of the species living at that time. James Hutton and Charles Lyell were geologists whose ideas strongly influenced Darwins thinking. What were the ideas each of them contributed? James Hutton Hutton proposed that Earths geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today, such as valley formed by rivers. Charles Lyell Lyell incorporated Huttons thinking into his principle of uniformitarianism, which states that mechanisms of change are constant over time. Lyell proposed that the sa me geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate.What is the importance of the principle of uniformitarianism? If geologic change results from slow, continuous actions rather than from sudden events, then Earth must be much older than the widely accepted age of a few thousand years.Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed a mechanism for how life changes over time. Explain the two principles of his mechanism. use and disuse The idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. inheritance of acquired characteristics This idea states that an organism could pass these modifications of use and disuse to its payoff.Although Lamarcks mechanism of evolution does not explain the changes in species over time, his thinking has been influential. What is considered to be the great importance of his ideas? Lamarck recognized that the match of organisms to their environments can be explained by gra dual evolutionary change rather than special creation.Concept 22.2 Descent with modification by immanent selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural selection and that it explains how adaptations arise. What are adaptations? Give two examples of adaptations. Adaptations are catching characteristics of organisms that enhance their choice and reproduction in specific environments. Possible examples include the mottled coloration of a fawn that allows it to blend with its environment, or the sharp talons and beaks of birds of feed so well suited for predation.Explain the process of natural selection. In the process of natural selection, individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and be sick at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. permits try to summarize Darwins observations that drive changes in species over timeObservation1. Varia tions in traits exist.Cite an ExampleVariation in color and spot pattern of Asian ladybirdbeetles2. These variations (traits) are heritable. Variation in closely related species of elephants offspring resemble close relatives more than other members of apopulation.3. Species overproduce.Dandelions produce thousands of seeds.4. There is competition for resourcesnot all offspring survive.Not all dandelion seeds stock or survive to maturityFrom these four observations, what two inferences did Darwin make? 1. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a disposed environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.It is important to remember that differences in heritable traits can lead to differential reproductive success. This means that the individuals who have the neces sary traits to promote survival in the current environment will leave the most offspring. How can this differential reproductive success affect the match between organisms and their environment? When such advantages increase the number of offspring that survive and reproduce, the traits that are favored will give carely appear at a greater frequency in the near generation.To demonstrate your understanding of this section, complete the following sentences Individuals do not evolve. Populations evolve.Now, take out your highlighter and mark the information in the box above. Hold these ideas firmly in your brain Finally, if you are ever asked to explain Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection (a common AP essayquestion), do not rip out the phrase survival of the fittest. Instead, cite the points made in question 11 and explain the inferences that are drawn from them.Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Concept 22.3 Evolution is support by an overwhelming amount of scienti fic evidence 15.Use Figure 22.13 in your text to explain how research with soapberry bugs demonstrated observable evolutionary change.Museum specimens showed that the average beak length of soapberry bugs was comparable to that of soapberry bugs feeding on native species in southern Florida. However, contemporary data suggest that a change in the size of the soapberry bugs food source, as seen with the introduction of the goldenrain guide, can result in evolution by natural selection for matching beak size.MRSA is in the news today because it is becoming increasingly more common. What is it? MRSA is methicillin- revolting Staphylococcus aureus, a flesh-eating strain How did it become so dangerous? Explain the evolution of MRSAs resistance to methicillin. MRSA became dangerous because, over time, doctors used a variety of antibiotics, such as penicillin, to combat MRSA. Each time a new antibiotic was used to fight the disease, some S. aureus populations would develop resistance to t he new drug. In 1959, doctors used the powerful antibiotic methicillin. Members of the S. aureus population that were resistant to methicillin reproduced at higher rates, leading to the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Do antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant? Explain your response. No. A drug does not execute resistant pathogens it selects for resistant individuals that are already present in the population.Lets make a list of the four evidences for evolution that are set forth in this concept. Give an example of each.Evidence for EvolutionExampleDirect observations ofevolutionary changeHomologyPossible examples include the evolution of MRSA or the change in beak size in soapberry bugs.Possible examples include the similarities between mammalian forelimbs.Possible examples include fossils that show ancestors of cetaceans had hind limbs.Possible examples include the creation of the evolutionary tree of horses, based on fossil locations.Fossil recordBiogeog raphyHow does the fossil record give evidence for evolution?The fossil record documents the pattern of evolution, showing that past organisms differed from present-day organisms and that many species havebecome extinct.Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.What is meant by each of the following terms? Give an example of each.Term homologic structuresVestigial structuresAnalogous structures(see p. 465)Explanation/ExampleStructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. For example, mammalian forelimbs.A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organisms ancestors. For example, skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones.Having characteristics that are similar because of focused evolution, not homology. For example, the wing of a butterfly and wing of a bat both make flight possible.How do homologous structures give evidence for evolution?Homologous structures represent variat ions on a structural theme that was present in the common ancestors of a species.What is summarized in an evolutionary tree?An evolutionary tree reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.Figure 22.17 in your text shows an evolutionary tree. What is indicated by each start point in the following figure? Mark each branch point.Each branch point represents the common ancestors of the lineage beginning there and to the right of it. Refer to Figure 22.17 on page 464.What is indicated by the hatch mark in Figure 22.17?A hatch mark represents a homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark.Use the tree in question 24 to answer this question Are crocodiles more closely related to lizards or to birds? Explain your response.Based on this evolutionary tree, crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards because they share a more common ancestor with the birds than with lizards.On the evolutionary tree, label the vertical lines t o the right, and annotate the key feature that label each group.See page 464 of your text for the labeled figure.Organisms that are only distantly related can resemble each other. Explain convergent evolution, and discern how analogous structures can arise.Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features indifferent lineages. In such examples as the marsupials of Australia, in which species share features because of convergent evolution, the resemblance is said to be analogous. Analogous features share similar function, but not common ancestry.Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Convergent evolution might be summarized like this Similar problem, similar solution. Can you give two examples of convergent evolution?Answers will vary but may include the sugar glider and the speedy squirrel, and the evolution of wings in birds and bats.Study TipHomologous structures show evidence of relatedness (whale fin, bat wing). Analogous structures are similar solutions t o similar problems but do not indicate close relatedness (bird wing, butterfly wing).What is biogeography? How is it affected by continental drift and the presence of endemic species?Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species. The geographic distribution of organisms is influenced by many factors, including continental drift, the slow movement of Earths movement over time, and the presence of endemic species, species that are found nowhere else in the world.Lets wrap up all of these ideas with a final summary.ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTSEvolution is change in species over time.Heritable variations exist within a population.These variations can result in differential reproductive success. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population.And remember Individuals do not evolve Populations evolve.Test Your Understanding AnswersNow you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here 1. bCopyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.